FIVE BIGGEST POST-POLL CHALLENGES

EXTREMISM

Security has dramatically improved across Pakistan following a military crackdown in recent years. However analysts have long warned that Pakistan is not getting to the root causes of extremism, and that the militants can still carry out spectacular attacks -- an ability they demonstrate periodically. That includes during this campaign, with a string of bombings at political events killing 175 people, including the second deadliest militant attack in Pakistan's history -- an Islamic State-claimed blast in Balochistan on July 13 which killed 149 people. Analysts have warned that insurgents may be regrouping and seeking to reassert themselves after years of setbacks.

ECONOMY

Pakistan's next government faces growing fears of a balance of payments crisis, with speculation mounting it will have to seek its second IMF bailout in five years. The central bank is burning through foreign reserves and devaluing the rupee, including another five-percent dive this week, in a bid to bridge a widening trade deficit. Pakistan increased its procurement of materials to help build a string of Chinese-backed infrastructure projects after inking a multi-billion dollar investment package with Beijing -- the terms of which are opaque. The winners of the election will have "limited time" to act, Fitch ratings agency warned earlier this month.

POPULATION GROWTH

Conservative Pakistan, with its limited family planning, has one of the highest birth rates in Asia at around three children per woman, according to the World Bank and government figures. That has led to a fivefold increase of the population since 1960, now touching 207 million, draft results from last year's census show. Analysts say unless more is done to slow growth, the country's natural resources -- particularly drinking water -- will not be enough to support the population.

CIVIL/MILITARY RELATIONS

Pakistan has spent roughly half its nearly 71-year history under military rule, and the imbalance of power in civil-military relations has long been seen as an impediment to democracy and progress. Hope surged in 2013 as the country moved through its first ever democratic transition of power. But since then experts have warned of a "creeping coup" fuelled by tensions between the generals and the government of three-time premier Nawaz Sharif. Sharif, ousted in 2017 and arrested for corruption earlier this month, says he and his party are being targeted by the military. Media and other politicians have also widely decried what one think tank described as a "silent coup" against Sharif, with cricketer-turned-politician Imran Khan and his party the obvious beneficiaries. The next government will be tasked with meeting the country's challenges without upsetting this delicate balance of power.

WATER SHORTAGES

Pakistan is on the verge of an ecological disaster if authorities do not urgently address looming water shortages, experts say. Official estimates show that by 2025 the country will be facing an "absolute scarcity" of water, with less than 500 cubic metres available per person -- just one third of the water available in parched Somalia, according to the UN. Political initiative will be essential to building infrastructure to reverse the course of the impending crisis.