The tariff actions, which could upend nearly $2.2 trillion in two-way annual US trade went live at 12:01 am EST (0501 GMT)

The duties stand to impact over $918 billion worth of US imports from both countries.

Beijing will impose an additional 15% tariff on US chicken, wheat, corn and cotton

Trump had unveiled -- and then paused -- blanket tariffs on imports from major trading partners Canada and Mexico in February, accusing them of failing to stop illegal immigration and drug trafficking.

Trump has long railed against what he calls the unfair treatment of US automotive exports in foreign markets.

In particular, he called the European Union "absolutely brutal" in trade ties with Washington.

Trade protectionism is not the path to global competitiveness

Trump's fresh salvo could bring a broad tariff hike to emerging market economies like India and take aim at European Union

Here are some responses to the tariffs out of Europe

The Trump tariffs, outlined in three executive orders, are due to take effect 12:01 a.m. ET (0501 GMT) on Tuesday.