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Wonders of the World :
Wonders of the World are lists compiled over the ages that catalogue remarkable and spectacular natural and man made constructions. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the first known list of the most spectacular creations of classical antiquity, and was based on guide-books and it only includes works located around the Mediterranean rim. The number seven was chosen because it was believed by the Greeks to be the representation of perfection and plenty. The Greeks used the word "theamata," which translates to "things to be seen" or "must-sees."(Efta thaumata tou kosmou=Seven miracles of the world) The seven ancient wonders included the Great Pyramid of Giza, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Mausoleum of Maussollos at Halicarnassus, Colossus of Rhodes, Lighthouse of Alexandria. The earliest lists had the Ishtar Gate as the seventh wonder of the world instead of the Lighthouse of Alexandria. The list known today was listed in the Middle Agesby which time many of the sites were no longer in existence. The only ancient world wonder that still exists today is the Great Pyramid of Giza. Other sites sometimes included on such lists, as in Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages, are Medieval Mind and Architectural Wonders of the Middle Ages like Taj Mahal, Cairo Citadel, Ely Cathedral, Cluny Abbey. Numerous authors and organisations have composed Lists of the Wonders of the World since then. Lists like American Society of Civil Engineers List of Wonders of the Modern World, USA Today's New Seven Wonders, Seven Natural Wonders of the World (compiled by CNN), Seven Wonders of the Underwater World (drawn up by CEDAM International), Seven Wonders of the Industrial World and many other lists (some of them are countrywise) have been made. In 2001 an initiative was started by the Swiss corporation New7Wonders Foundation to choose the New Seven Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments for profit. These sites, finally selected to be the new7wonders of the world from twenty-one finalists, are Great Wall of China, Petra, Christ the Redeemer, Machu Picchu, Chichen Itza, Colosseum, Taj Mahal, Great Pyramid of Giza (honorary candidate). The results were announced on July 7, 2007. History of Science Ancient Era
Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge") is an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. An older meaning still in use today is that of Aristotle, for whom scientific knowledge was a body of reliable knowledge that can be logically and rationally explained. But how this structured process of distillation from facts, figures or hypothesis renders knowledge? To understand it, we have to go through the “Philosophy of Science.” To understand the basic philosophy, understanding the milestones of the history of science is a pre-requisite.The history of science is the study of the historical development of human understandings of the natural world. Until the late 20th century the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was seen as a narrative celebrating the triumph of true theories over false. Tracing the exact origins of modern science is possible through the many important texts which have survived from the classical world. However, the word scientist was first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. To know about the primes of natural philosophers, we need to travel back to the dawn of civilization. Ancient Near East refers to the geographical location of Babylon, Egypt and Sumer region. From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC, the Mesopotamian peoples began to attempt to record some observations of the world with extremely thorough numerical data. In Babylonian astronomy, the vigorous notings of the motions of the stars, planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes. Even today, astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian scientists are widely used in Western calendars: the solar year, the lunar month, and the seven-day week. Significant advances in Ancient Egypt include astronomy, mathematics and medicine. The proof is the Edwin Smith papyrus, one of the first medical documents, and perhaps the earliest document that attempts to describe and analyze the brain. The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?” The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales, dubbed the "father of science", was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena such as lightning and earthquakes. His student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean School, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. Leucippus (5th century BC) introduced atomism, the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms, later expanded by his pupil Democritus. The Four Great Inventions of ancient China are the compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing. These four discoveries had an enormous impact on the development of Chinese civilization and a far-ranging global impact, according to Francis Bacon, writing in Novum Organum.
Wonders of the World are lists compiled over the ages that catalogue remarkable and spectacular natural and man made constructions. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the first known list of the most spectacular creations of classical antiquity, and was based on guide-books and it only includes works located around the Mediterranean rim. The number seven was chosen because it was believed by the Greeks to be the representation of perfection and plenty. The Greeks used the word "theamata," which translates to "things to be seen" or "must-sees."(Efta thaumata tou kosmou=Seven miracles of the world) The seven ancient wonders included the Great Pyramid of Giza, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Mausoleum of Maussollos at Halicarnassus, Colossus of Rhodes, Lighthouse of Alexandria. The earliest lists had the Ishtar Gate as the seventh wonder of the world instead of the Lighthouse of Alexandria. The list known today was listed in the Middle Agesby which time many of the sites were no longer in existence. The only ancient world wonder that still exists today is the Great Pyramid of Giza. Other sites sometimes included on such lists, as in Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages, are Medieval Mind and Architectural Wonders of the Middle Ages like Taj Mahal, Cairo Citadel, Ely Cathedral, Cluny Abbey. Numerous authors and organisations have composed Lists of the Wonders of the World since then. Lists like American Society of Civil Engineers List of Wonders of the Modern World, USA Today's New Seven Wonders, Seven Natural Wonders of the World (compiled by CNN), Seven Wonders of the Underwater World (drawn up by CEDAM International), Seven Wonders of the Industrial World and many other lists (some of them are countrywise) have been made. In 2001 an initiative was started by the Swiss corporation New7Wonders Foundation to choose the New Seven Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments for profit. These sites, finally selected to be the new7wonders of the world from twenty-one finalists, are Great Wall of China, Petra, Christ the Redeemer, Machu Picchu, Chichen Itza, Colosseum, Taj Mahal, Great Pyramid of Giza (honorary candidate). The results were announced on July 7, 2007. History of Science Ancient Era
Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge") is an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. An older meaning still in use today is that of Aristotle, for whom scientific knowledge was a body of reliable knowledge that can be logically and rationally explained. But how this structured process of distillation from facts, figures or hypothesis renders knowledge? To understand it, we have to go through the “Philosophy of Science.” To understand the basic philosophy, understanding the milestones of the history of science is a pre-requisite.The history of science is the study of the historical development of human understandings of the natural world. Until the late 20th century the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was seen as a narrative celebrating the triumph of true theories over false. Tracing the exact origins of modern science is possible through the many important texts which have survived from the classical world. However, the word scientist was first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. To know about the primes of natural philosophers, we need to travel back to the dawn of civilization. Ancient Near East refers to the geographical location of Babylon, Egypt and Sumer region. From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC, the Mesopotamian peoples began to attempt to record some observations of the world with extremely thorough numerical data. In Babylonian astronomy, the vigorous notings of the motions of the stars, planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes. Even today, astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian scientists are widely used in Western calendars: the solar year, the lunar month, and the seven-day week. Significant advances in Ancient Egypt include astronomy, mathematics and medicine. The proof is the Edwin Smith papyrus, one of the first medical documents, and perhaps the earliest document that attempts to describe and analyze the brain. The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?” The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales, dubbed the "father of science", was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena such as lightning and earthquakes. His student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean School, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. Leucippus (5th century BC) introduced atomism, the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms, later expanded by his pupil Democritus. The Four Great Inventions of ancient China are the compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing. These four discoveries had an enormous impact on the development of Chinese civilization and a far-ranging global impact, according to Francis Bacon, writing in Novum Organum.
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